History of the rupee
The history of the rupee traces back to 15th century, when
the first "rupee" is believed to have been introduced by Sher Shah
Suri (1486–1545), based on a ratio of 40 copper pieces (paisa) per rupee. Ancient India in circa 6th century BC, was one of the earliest issuers of coins
in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. The origin of
the word "rupee" is found in the Sanskrit rūpya "shaped;
stamped, impressed; coin" and also from the Sanskrit word "rupa"
meaning silver.
The original rūpaya was a silver coin weighing 175 grains
troy (about 11.34 grams). The silver coin remained in use during the Mughal
period as well as in British India. Among the earliest issues of paper rupees
include; the Bank of Hindustan (1770–1832), the General Bank of Bengal and
Bihar (1773–75, established by Warren Hastings), and the Bengal Bank (1784–91).
The Indian rupee was a silver based currency during much of
the 19th century; which had severe consequences on the standard value of the
currency, as stronger economies at that time were on the gold standard. During
British rule, and the first decade of independence, the rupee was subdivided into
16 annas. Each anna was subdivided into either 4 paisas, or 12 pies. So One
rupee was equal to 16 Annas, 64 Paises of 192 Pies. In 1957, decimalisation
occurred and the rupee was divided into 100 Naye Paise (Urdu/Hindi for new
paisas). After a few years, the initial "Naye" was dropped.
For many years in the early and mid-20th century, the Indian
rupee was the official currency in several areas that were controlled by the
British and governed from India; areas such as East Africa, Southern Arabia and
the Persintroduction.
Rupee is the name given to the official currency that is
used in several countries including India, Bhutan, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal,
Mauritius, Maldives and Indonesia. The name rupee comes from the Sanskrit
language word ‘rupyakam’ meaning silver coin. Rupee in different regions is
denoted with different symbols most commonly Rs, ₨ and Rp. One unit of the currency is equivalent to one hundred equal
paise.
Among all the countries mentioned above that have rupee as
their national currency; the Indian rupee is the most important with respect to
value, preference and popularity. India stands among those countries that
discovered the need for a currency and the first rupee coins were issued as
early as in the 16th century. The currency code and numeric code for Indian
rupee according to the ISO 4217 standard are INR and 356 respectively. The
currency in India is denoted with the sign Rs.
Overview
India retains the reputation of issuing the some of the
earliest coins in the history of mankind. The currency of India i.e. the Indian
rupee is also one of the well-established currencies in the world. The
importance of the Indian rupee in the world market is characterized by the fact
that Bhutan and Nepal peg their currencies to the Indian rupee. Moreover, the
Indian rupee is considered a legal tender in Bhutan that has dollorized the
currency. Indian rupee does not use the western number system and has a number
system of its own. As in the western number system, the large values of money
are counted in terms of hundred, thousand, million and billion respectively, in
the Indian number system the large values are counted as hundred, thousand,
lakh and crore. The Indian number system is also popular among the countries
like Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh.
Earlier the rupee coins were made up of silver and that is
where this name ‘rupee’ is derived from as the word ‘rupyakam’ means silver
coin in the Sanskrit language. But when the large silver mines were discovered
in the United States of America and parts of European continent, the value of
silver declined drastically as compared to gold on which all the other strong
economies were based. As a result, the value of Indian rupee also declined as
compared to other currencies in the world and this incident is called the ‘fall
of rupee’.
Among the many ways to invest money, the vast majority of
people invest money in the currency of their country, which can be done through
forex trading.
Structure
Indian rupee did not use the decimal system and rather was
subdivided into 16 annas till 1957. In 1957, the decimal monetary system was
adopted and one unit of rupee was restructured equivalent to 100 equal paise.
The currency in the country is issued in the form of banknotes and coinage, the
Reserve Bank of India and the Government of India possessing the issuing
authority for banknotes and coins respectively. The central bank i.e. the
reserve bank of India is entitled to change the banknote series and the Mahatma
Gandhi series, which is in circulation currently, was launched in 1996. The
notes are issued in 7 denominations i.e. Rs 5, Rs 10, Rs 20, Rs 50, Rs 100, Rs
500, Rs 1000. Two more denominations for banknotes i.e. Rs 1 and Rs 2 are still
in circulation but no new notes are being printed as coins for both these
denominations are being minted now. Each note depicts the face value of the
note in 17 languages. The notes also have some unique features quite often
called the security features that help in avoiding the duplicity and illegal
circulation of the notes. These features include
Mahatma Gandhi
watermark
Silver security
Latent image
Micro-lettering
Fluorescence
Optically variable
ink
Back to back
registration
Coins for the Indian currency are minted in 7 denominations
namely 10 paisa, 20 paisa, 25 paisa, 50 paisa, Rs 1, Rs 2 and Rs 5 under the
Coinage act 1906. The country has four coin mints one each at Mumbai
(Maharashtra), Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh), Kolkata (West Bengal), Noida (Uttar
Pradesh). Like in the case of banknotes, the management of circulation of coins
is in the hands of the Reserve Bank of India.
Your Facebook popularity may land you a job
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Social networking sites |
Social media and recruitment now largely go hand in hand.
While at the most basic level, companies check up on prospective employees to see if they make unsavoury postings online, they are also using LinkedIn, Twitter and Facebook to find new employees -- both by listing opportunities and by increasing the chatter between recruiters and the people looking for jobs.
"Social media has become an essential part of any organisation's recruitment strategy. It is easier to generate talent through social media. A lot easier than it was four or five years ago.
In a recent survey of 270 employers across New Zealand the company found that 64 per cent of employers used LinkedIn to find new employees, 50 per cent used Facebook and 10 per cent used Twitter.
Of those looking for jobs 74 per cent use LinkedIn, 24 per cent used Facebook, and 7 per cent used Twitter.
Tom Bates, the social influence director for digital strategists Contagion, employers would look at a prospective employee's social media presence to validate what the candidate was saying about their online profile.
"If someone says that they are influential and they are not even on Twitter, or don't use social media well, then they are not being authentic or honest.
6 easy ways to lose weight without hitting the gym
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| Dance exercises |
It may get monotonous running on the treadmill for hours, here we have an entire range of weight loss activities at your rescue.
Dance exercises like Zumba, Cardio Hip Hop and even Belly Dancing can melt your flab and help you get in shape.
 |
| Kick Boxing |
Self-defense workouts such as Kick Boxing and Martial arts are also every effective, especially when your aim is to tone your body.
 |
| Dairy products |
Though vegan-ism is in vogue but studies suggest that protein content in dairy products keep you full for a longer time thus less likely to snack on calories.
Yes, you heard us right. While restricting yourself is the right way, but one day in a week is good to indulge yourself in delicacies which are otherwise banned.
NOTE : Also try it with lemon and honey early in the morning.
Dance your way:
It may get monotonous running on the treadmill for hours, here we have
an entire range of weight loss activities at your rescue. Dance
exercises like Zumba, Cardio Hip Hop and even Belly Dancing can melt
your flab and help you get in shape - See more at:
http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/6-easy-ways-to-lose-weight-without-hitting-the-gym/2426-1.html#sthash.pvtOXFsQ.dpuf
Dance your way:
It may get monotonous running on the treadmill for hours, here we have
an entire range of weight loss activities at your rescue. Dance
exercises like Zumba, Cardio Hip Hop and even Belly Dancing can melt
your flab and help you get in shape - See more at:
http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/6-easy-ways-to-lose-weight-without-hitting-the-gym/2426-1.html#sthash.pvtOXFsQ.dpuf
Dance your way:
It may get monotonous running on the treadmill for hours, here we have
an entire range of weight loss activities at your rescue. Dance
exercises like Zumba, Cardio Hip Hop and even Belly Dancing can melt
your flab and help you get in shape - See more at:
http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/6-easy-ways-to-lose-weight-without-hitting-the-gym/2426-1.html#sthash.pvtOXFsQ.dpuf
Dance your way:
It may get monotonous running on the treadmill for hours, here we have
an entire range of weight loss activities at your rescue. Dance
exercises like Zumba, Cardio Hip Hop and even Belly Dancing can melt
your flab and help you get in shape - See more at:
http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/6-easy-ways-to-lose-weight-without-hitting-the-gym/2426-1.html#sthash.pvtOXFsQ.dpuf
Fruit juice Chocolates with 50 per cent less fat
In good news for chocoholics, scientists have developed chocolate bars infused with fruit juice, which contain fifty per cent less fat than conventional varieties.
According to new research presented to the American Chemical Society's meeting in New Orleans, the new technology would allow manufacture of chocolate with fruit juice, vitamin C water or diet cola replacing up to 50 per cent of the fat.
The juice is in the form of micro-bubbles that help chocolate retain the lush, velvety "mouth-feel" - the texture that is firm and snappy to the bite and yet melts in the mouth.
According to new research presented to the American Chemical Society's meeting in New Orleans, the new technology would allow manufacture of chocolate with fruit juice, vitamin C water or diet cola replacing up to 50 per cent of the fat.
The juice is in the form of micro-bubbles that help chocolate retain the lush, velvety "mouth-feel" - the texture that is firm and snappy to the bite and yet melts in the mouth.
The process also prevents "sugar bloom," the unappetising white film that coats the surface of chocolate that has been on the shelf for a while.
"We have established the chemistry that's a starting point for healthier chocolate confectionery,". "This approach maintains the things that make chocolate
'Chocolatey', but with fruit juice instead of fat. Now we're hoping the food industry will take the next steps and use the technology to make tasty, lower-fat chocolate bars and other candy.
Chocolate's high fat and sugar content is a downside, compared to its high levels of healthful plant-based substances termed antioxidants or flavonoids.
Substituting fruit juice or cola reduces the overall sugar content of the candy. The technology works with dark, milk and white chocolate. Chocolate infused with apple, orange and cranberry juice.
Fruit-juice-infused candy tastes like an exciting hybrid between traditional chocolate and a chocolate-juice confectionery.
"Since the juice is spread out in the chocolate, it doesn't overpower the taste of the chocolate. We believe that the technology adds an interesting twist to the range of chocolate confectionery products available.
"The opportunity to replace part of the fat matrix with water-based juice droplets allows for greater flexibility and tailoring of both the overall fat and sugar content,"
8 ways to incorporate Oats in your diet
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| Oats |
Oats contain soluble fibre called beta glucan, which is known to help in
reducing cholesterol by the blocking of re-absorption of cholesterol
when it passes through the digestive system. Regularly having oats
lowers the cholesterol levels in the body.
The soluble fibre present in oats tends to slow down the digestion of
carbohydrates, thereby reducing the spikes in the blood sugar levels,
which in turn do not lead to unwanted urges to eat. Here are 10
different ways to incorporate oats in your diet.
Instead of having plain oats, throw in some bananas, almond slivers with
skimmed milk and you have an extra healthy morning grub. Oats contain
low levels of sodium. This reduces the risk of contracting high blood
pressure and hypertension.
Craving for some Payasam? How about Oats Payasam instead? Add in a
little cardamom, cashew nuts, sweetener and milk with oats for a
wonderfully healthy alternative. Also eating oats leaves one much
fuller, therefore you tend to eat less. This is especially good for
those trying to lose weight.
For some crunch in your salad, throw in a handful of oats, your Ceaser
Salad is now not only tasty but is also packed with the goodness of
oats. Oats contains very less amount of fat and lesser calories. This
makes it good for overall health.
Those 3pm hunger pangs make you reach out for the unhealthiest of foods.
Snack bars are a better option. In a big bowl of oats, add pumpkin
seeds, dry fruits and walnuts. Add two teaspoons of honey for
consistency; spread the mixture on a tray and cool it. Oats are also
known to contain compounds called phytochemicals that can reduce one`s
risk of cancer.
How about toast with oats spread for breakfast? This not-so-healthy
spread is for when you feel indulgent. Mix oats with cheese and add a
dash of ground pepper – store it in an airtight container and use it to
brighten up your snack box.
Eggless Oats Cake anyone? Flour, handful of oats, baking powder, yoghurt
and honey, mix it well and bake it in the oven for 55 minutes. Cake
minus chocolate or sugar; unbelievable isn't it? It sure tastes good!
And being a good source of natural dietary fibre, oats are beneficial in
curbing the problem of constipation.
Since plain oats are mostly tasteless, it can be used to crisp up
Vegetable Cutlets. Make a patty out of boiled vegetables and coat them
with powdered oats and pan fry them. Quick, easy and healthy!
Salman – Shah Rukh all set to become neighbours?
Salman Khan and Shah Rukh Khan – whose tales of rivalry are not new to anyone – are all set to become neighbours.
However, his room has now become too small to accommodate his dogs and other things, thereby forcing him to look for a new place to stay – with his family.
According to the rumour mill, this down-to-earth actor’s new home is very close to Shah Rukh’s residence - Mannat in Bandra Bandstand, Mumbai.
“For over two decades, Salman bhai has lived in a one-bedroom flat in Galaxy Apartments. But now with his many dogs and other things, the space appears too small for him. He is most likely to move into Sagar Resham, which is just two buildings away from Mannat,”.
“Salman has even come to our building on more than a couple of occasions to check out the place.
Sanjay Dutt to file review petition at Supreme Court
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| Sanjay Dutt |
The Delhi based legal team of actor Sanjay Dutt is all set
to file its review petition to the Supreme Court within the coming one or two
days. This petition is against the judgment handed down by the court on March
21st this year.
A case was filed against Dutt stating that he had in his
possession an automatic rifle, an AK-56 in a notified area during the infamous
Mumbai blasts on March 12, 1993. Action was taken against him under the TADA
(Terrorist and disruptive activities prevention Act) as well as the Arms Act. The
charges against him under the TADA Act were dismissed, but he was held guilty
under the Arms Act. He had appealed against this decision. On March 21 of this
year, Supreme Court upheld his conviction under the Arms Act and has imposed a
five year sentence on him.
The legal team of Dutt contends that since the charges
under TADA were dismissed, they cannot be treated as the main evidence of
offense committed under another act – in this case the Arms Act. The TADA
court had imposed a sentence of six years on the actor under the Arms Act.
According to Dutt’s lawyers, the petition aims at pointing out "a binding
decision of the SC based on an apparent error in a judgment."
The Supreme Court in its final judgment upheld the verdict
though the term of imprisonment was reduced to five years. The judgment was
handed down on March 21 and Dutt was given 30 days to surrender or file a plea.
The new plea submits that the judgment given by a three
judge bench in the Rajiv Gandhi killer case must be reviewed. According to this
judgment, confessions given under TADA will be valid elsewhere. The 1993 blast
case against Dutt relies heavily on this judgment. If the new review petition
gets considered, this judgment will have to be reconsidered.
Dutt has already served a sentence of eighteen months. If
the sentence holds, he will have to serve for another three and a half years.
In case the plea is dismissed, a curative petition can
then be filed in order to ensure that proper justice is carried out.
The latest film under Dutt’s production banner is all set
to release on April 12 – barely days before his deadline to surrender ends.
Hyderabad International Airport likely to get new CEO soon
Kishore S. Gopalakrishnan, now CEO of commercial properties development at the airport, is likely to succeed Jaisinghani. Gopalakrishnan had also worked as chief operating officer of the SEZ division of GMR Group.
"Vikram is leaving the organisation on personal grounds. He wanted to move back to Mumbai where his family resides. He is an excellent person and his contribution to the airport development is incalculable.
Jaisinghani could not be contacted for his comments. It could not be independently verified with GMR as its officials were not available for comments. Sources indicated that Jaisinghani's tenure with GMR Hyderabad International Airport will end by April 18 and the new CEO is expected to take charge since then.
Jaisinghani took over as CEO of airport after his predecessor Sripathy was transferred as CEO international airports (GMR) in 2009. During Jaisinghani's tenure, the airport got the Best Cargo Airport in India and Best Cargo Terminal in India award by Air Cargo Agents Association of India (ACAAI) in 2012.
The passenger traffic has grown to 8.6 million in 2011-12 from 6.5 million in 2009-10 and cargo traffic increased to 81,487 tons from 66,482 tons during the same period. While net revenues have grown to Rs 574 crore during 2011-12 from Rs 403 crore in 2009-10.
5 lifestyle changes to cure BP
Keeping active, slashing salt intake, eating a healthy diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables, cutting down on alcohol and not smoking at all can help reduce the chances of developing the deadly condition.
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| Fruits |
 |
| vegetables |
The World Health Organisation has issued a stark alert, and has demanded "intensified efforts" to prevent and control high BP.
To make people aware of the need to know their blood pressure, to take it seriously, and then to control.
To mark World Health Day on April 7, the WHO wants governments to do more to ensure that people get their blood pressure checked regularly.
Non communicable Diseases,that early detection of the condition is far less expensive for governments than heart surgery, stroke care, dialysis, and other interventions that may be needed if high blood pressure is left uncontrolled..
Brisk walking can cut risk of heart-related conditions
Brisk
walking can lower your risk of high blood pressure, high cholesterol
and diabetes as much as running.
Researchers
analyzed 33,060 runners in the National Runners' Health Study and
15,045 walkers in the National Walkers' Health Study.
They found
that the same energy used for moderate intensity walking and vigorous
intensity running resulted in similar reductions in risk for high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and possibly coronary heart
disease.
"Walking and running provide
an ideal test of the health benefits of moderate-intensity walking and
vigorous-intensity running because they involve the same muscle groups
and the same activities performed at different intensities.
"The more the runners ran and the walkers walked,
the better off they were in health benefits. If the amount of energy
expended was the same between the two groups, then the health benefits
were comparable.
"Walking may be a more
sustainable activity for some people when compared to running, however,
those who choose running end up exercising twice as much as those that
choose walking. This is probably because they can do twice as much in an
hour.
Rajiv Gandhi was 'middleman' for Swedish jet deal: US cable
Former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi has been named as an
"entrepreneur" for Swedish firm Saab-Scania, when it was trying to sell
its Viggen fighter aircraft to India in the 1970s by the US diplomatic
cables obtained by WikiLeaks.
"Swedish emboff has informed us that main Indian negotiator with
Swedes on Viggen at New Delhi end has been Mrs. Gandhi's oler (sic) son,
Rajiv Gandhi. Latter's only association with aircraft industry (to our
knowledge) has been as pilot for Indian Airlines and this is first time
we have heard his name as entrepreneur," the October 21, 1975 cable from the New Delhi.
The Hindu published its findings of the Kissinger cables in collaboration with Wikileaks.
Although the cable mentions Rajiv Gandhi as an “entrepreneur”, but it
also states that the US officials have “no additional information to
either refute or confirm the above information.
Later, Saab-Scania lost out on the deal and was forced to withdraw
from the “fighter sweepstakes” by the US as the deal was eventually
secured the British SEPECAT Jaguar.
Former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi later became embroiled in scandal
relating to another Swedish arms manufacturer in the Bofors howtizer gun
deal.
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